Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Investments, Time Trends of the Speeds of Adjusting the Actual Toward the Maximum Pay, and Chief Executive Officer Compensation

Authors

  • Winston T. Lin The State University of New York at Buffalo
  • Yueh H. Chen National Sun Yat-sen University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33423/jabe.v26i6.7388

Keywords:

business, economics, dynamic and variable speeds of adjustment, the adjustment valuation (AV) approach, nonlinear and nonstationary time trends of the adjustment speeds, the CEO pay paradox

Abstract

This research analyzes the effects of information technology (IT) and e-commerce (EC) investments and trends of the speeds of adjusting the observed toward the desired CEO pay in US firms, based on the adjustment model and its associated adjustment valuation (AV) approach, where the adjustment speeds are assumed dynamic and variable. The findings include: the speeds of adjusting the observed toward the unobserved compensation are fast; either IT or EC appearing alone or jointly impacts CEO compensation; the trends of adjustment speeds are nonlinear and nonstationary; and overall, the US CEOs tend to underpay during the period under study; among others.

References

Albuquerque, A.M., De Franco, G., & Verdi, R.S. (2013). Peer choice in CEO compensation. Journal of Financial Economics, 108, 160–181.

Anderson, R., & Bizjak, J.M. (2003). An empirical examination of the role of the CEO and the compensation committee in structuring executive pay. Journal of Banking & Finance, 27, 1323–1348.

Attaway, M.C. (2000). A study of the relationship between company performance and CEO compensation. American Business Review, 18, 77–85.

Bebchuk, L.A., Cremers, K.J.M., & Peyer, U.C. (2011). The CEO pay slice. Journal of Financial Economics, 102, 199–221.

Bennett, B., Bettis, J.C., Gopalan, R., & Milbourn, T. (2017). Compensation goals and firm performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 124, 307–330.

Bizjak, J., Lemmon, M., & Nguyen, T. (2011). Are all CEOs above average? An empirical analysis of compensation peer groups and pay design. Journal of Financial Economics, 100, 538–555.

Box, G.E.P., & Jenkins, G.M. (1976). Time Series Analysis: forecasting and control, Revised Edition. San Francisco, CA: Holden-Day.

Box, G.E.P., & Tidwell, P.W. (1962). Transformation of the independent variables. Technometrics, 4, 531–550.

Boyd, B.K. (1990). Corporate linkages and organizational environment: A test of the resource dependence model. Strategic Management Journal, 11, 419–430.

Brookman, K.H., & Thistle, P.D. (2013). Managerial compensation: Luck, skill or labor markets? Journal of Corporate Finance, 21, 252–268.

Chen, Z., & Ebrahim, A. (2018). Turnover threat and CEO risk-taking behavior in the banking industry. Journal of Banking and Finance, 96, 87–105.

Child, J. (1974). Managerial and organizational factors with company performance. Journal of Management Studies, 11, 13–27.

Core, J.E., Holthausen, R.W., & Larcker, D.F. (1999). Corporate governance, chief executive officer compensation, and firm performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 51, 371–406.

Devers, C.E., Cannella, A.A., Jr., Reilly, G.P., & Yoder, M.E. (2007). Executive compensation: A multidisciplinary review of recent developments. Journal of Management, 33, 1016–1072.

Fabozzi, F.J., & Francis, J.C. (1978). Beta as a random coefficient. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 13, 101–116.

Finkelstein, S., & Hambrick, D.C. (1988). Chief executive compensation: A synthesis and reconciliation. Strategic Management Journal, 9, 543–558.

Frydman, C., & Molly, R.S. (2011). Does tax policy affect executive compensation? Evidence from postwar tax returns. Journal of Public Economics, 95, 1425–1437.

Frydman, C., & Papanikolaou, D. (2018). In search of ideas: Technological innovation and executive pay inequality. Journal of Financial Economics, 130, 1–24.

Gabaix, X., & Landier, A. (2008). Why has CEO pay increased so much? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123, 49–100.

Gao, H., & Li, K. (2015). A comparison of CEO pay-performance sensitivity in privately-held and public firms. Journal of Corporate Finance, 35, 370–388.

Gomez-Mejia, L., & Wiseman, R.M. (1977). Reframing executive compensation: An assessment and outlook. Journal of Management, 23, 291–374.

Gormley, T.A., Matsa, D.A., & Milbourn, T. (2013). CEO compensation and corporate risk: Evidence from material experiment. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 56, 79–101.

Göx, R.F., & Hermmer, T. (2020). On the relation between managerial power and CEO pay. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 69, 101300.

Guay, W.R., Keppler, J.D., & Tsui, D. (2019). The role of executive cash bonuses in providing individual and team incentives. Journal of Financial Economics, 133, 441–471.

Handerson, A.D., Miller, D., & Hambrick, D.C. (2006). How quickly do CEOs become obsolete? Industry dynamism, CEO tenure and company performance. Strategic Management Journal, 27, 447–460.

Hildreth, C., & Houck, J.P. (1968). Some estimators for a linear model with random coefficients. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 63, 584–595.

Hill, M.S., Lopez, T.J., & Reitenga, A.L. (2016). CEO excess compensation: The impact of firm size and managerial power. Advances in Accounting, incorporating Advances in International Accounting, 33, 35–46.

Jensen, M.C., & Meckling, W.H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305–360.

Kaplan, S. (2008). Are U.S. CEOs overpaid? Academy of Management Perspectives, 22, 5–20.

Kmenta, J. (1997). Elements of Econometrics, 2nd Ed. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.

Kostiuk, P.F. (1990). Firm size and executive compensation. Journal of Human Resources, 25, 90–105.

Lin, W.T. (1986). Analysis of Lumber and Pulpwood production in a partial adjustment model with dynamic and variable speeds of adjustment. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 4, 305–316.

Lin, W.T., & Kao, T.W. (2014). The partial adjustment valuation approach with dynamic and variable speeds of adjustment to evaluating and measuring the business value of information technology. European Journal of Operational Research, 238, 208–220.

Lin, W.T., Chen, Y.H., & Shao, B.B.M. (2015). Assessing the business values of information technology and e-commerce independently and jointly. European Journal of Operational Research, 245, 815–287.

Lin, W.T., Chen, Y.H., & Jhang, S.S. (2023). The effects of unemployment and inflation rates on the business value of information technology and economic performance: The partial adjustment valuation approaches. Asia Pacific Management Review, 28, 371–389.

Lin, W.T. & Shi, J. (2020). Chief executive officer compensation, firm performance, and strategic coopetition: A seemingly unrelated regression approach. Managerial and Decision Economics, 41, 130–144. Wiley.

Nerlove, M. (1958). Distribution lags and demand analysis for agricultural and other commodities. DC Washington: Agricultural Handbook, 141. US Department of Agriculture.

Page, T.B. (2018). CEO attributes, compensation, and firm value: Evidence from a structural estimation. Journal of Financial Economics, 128, 378–401.

Quigley, T., & Hambrick, D.C. (2015). Has the “CEO effect” increased in recent decades? A new explanation for the great rise in America’s attention to corporate leaders. Strategic Management Journal, 36, 821–830.

Sheikh, S. (2022). CEO power and the likelihood of paying dividends: Effect of profitability and cash flow volatility. Journal of Corporate Finance, 73, 102186.

Shi, J., Lin, W.T., & Pham, N.C. (2021). The relationships among managerial discretion, firm performance, and chief executive officer compensation: A simultaneous equations system approach. American Business Review, 24, 114–140.

Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R.W. (1989). Management entrenchment: The case of manager-specific investments. Journal of Financial Economics, 25, 123–139.

Smirnova, A.S., & Zavertiaeva, M.A. (2017). Which came first, CEO compensation or firm performance? The causality dilemma in European companies. Research in International Business and Finance, 42, 658–673.

Song, W.L., & Wan, K.M. (2021). Understanding CEO pay: A synthesis of theory and evidence. Research in International Business and Finance, 57, 101355.

Tosi, H.L., Werner, S., Katz, J.P., & Gomez-Mejia, L.R. (2000). How much does performance matter? A meta-analysis of CEO pays studies. Journal of Management, 26, 301–339.

Theil, H. (1971). Principles of Econometrics. New York, NY: Willey & Sons.

Zellner, A., & Theil, H. (1962). Three-stage least squares: Simultaneous estimation of simultaneous equations. Econometrica, 30, 54–78.

Downloads

Published

2024-11-30

How to Cite

Lin, W. T., & Chen, Y. H. (2024). Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Investments, Time Trends of the Speeds of Adjusting the Actual Toward the Maximum Pay, and Chief Executive Officer Compensation. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 26(6). https://doi.org/10.33423/jabe.v26i6.7388

Issue

Section

Articles