Do World Bank Governance Factors Impact COVID-19 Infection Rates Among Nations?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33423/5kdhqw98Keywords:
management, government, social issues, logistic regression, COVID-19, World Bank stability indicators, World Bank, rule of law, exogenous shocksAbstract
The Spread of COVID-19 and its variants worldwide has prompted researchers to gather data on the impact of socio-economic factors and status on infection rates. The World Bank uses six stability indicators to measure a country’s overall stability. We measure COVID-19 infections per million and use the six World Bank stability indicators as predictive variables to examine whether exogenous shocks, such as global pandemics, are affected by these indicators. We find that only Government Effectiveness shows a positive and significant correlation with COVID-19 infection rates, while Rule of Law shows a negative and significant correlation.
References
Achim, M.V., Văidean, V.L., & Borlea, S.N. (2020). Corruption and health outcomes within an economic and cultural framework. European Journal of Health Economics, 21(2), 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-019-01120-8
Azfar, O., & Gurgur, T. (2008). Does corruption affect health outcomes in the Philippines? Economics of Governance, 9(3), 197–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-006-0031-y
Boettke, P., & Subrick, J.R. (2003). Rule of law, development, and human capabilities. Supreme Court Economic Review, 10, 109–126. https://doi.org/10.1086/scer.10.1147140
Chisadza, C., Clance, M., & Gupta, R. (2021). Government effectiveness and the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063042
Clogg, C.C., Rubin, D.B., Schenker, N., Schultz, B., & Weidman, L. (1991). Multiple imputation of industry and occupation codes in census public-use samples using Bayesian logistic regression. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 86(413), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1991.10475005
Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2006). Who cares about corruption? Journal of International Business Studies, 37(6), 807–822. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400223
Dheer, R.J.S., Egri, C.P., & Treviño, L.J. (2021). A cross-cultural exploratory analysis of pandemic growth: The case of COVID-19. Journal of International Business Studies. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-021-00455-w
Dingake, O.B.K. (2017). The rule of law as a social determinant of health. Health and Human Rights, 19(2), 295–298.
DuMouchel, W. (2012). Multivariate Bayesian logistic regression for analysis of clinical study safety issues. Statistical Science, 27(3), 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1214/11-STS381
Farag, M., NandaKumar, A.K., Wallack, S., Hodgkin, D., Gaumer, G., & Erbil, C. (2012). The income elasticity of health care spending in developing and developed countries. International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics, 12(2), 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10754-012-9108-z
Ferrari, L., & Salustri, F. (2020). The relationship between corruption and chronic diseases: Evidence from Europeans aged 50 years and older. International Journal of Public Health, 65(3), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-020-01347-w
Galang, R.M.N. (2012). Government efficiency and international technology adoption: The spread of electronic ticketing among airlines. Journal of International Business Studies, 43(7), 631–654. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2012.20
Gefang, D. (2012). Money-output causality revisited: A Bayesian logistic smooth transition VECM perspective. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 74(1), 131–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2011.00652.x
Genkin, A., Lewis, D.D., & Madigan, D. (2007). Large-scale Bayesian logistic regression for text categorization. Technometrics, 49(3), 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1198/004017007000000245
Gestel, T.V., Baesens, B., Suykens, J.A.K., Van den Poel, D., Baestaens, D.E., & Willekens, M. (2006). Bayesian kernel-based classification for financial distress detection. European Journal of Operational Research, 172(3), 979–1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2004.11.009
Guisan, M.C., & Exposito, P. (2010). Health expenditure, education, government effectiveness and quality of life in Africa and Asia. Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, 10(1), 71–80.
Gunarsih, T., & Wibisana, M.J. (2019). The national culture, best countries rank number, corruption performance index, and governance: A study in 8 countries. The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, 6(7), 5541–5547. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v6i7.03
Gupta, S., Verhoeven, M., & Tiongson, E.R. (2002). The effectiveness of government spending on education and health care in developing and transition economies. European Journal of Political Economy, 18(4), 717–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(02)00116-7
Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Iheonu, C.O., Agbutun, S.A., Omenihu, C.M., Ihedimma, G.I., & Osuagwu, V.N. (2019). The impact of governance quality on mortality rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Population Studies, 33(1), 4655–4668.
Johansen, S. (1995). A statistical analysis of cointegration for I(2) variables. Econometric Theory, 11(1), 25–59. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3532929
Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2010). The worldwide governance indicators: A summary of methodology, data and analytical issues (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5430). Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=1682130
Klomp, J., & de Haan, J. (2009). Is the political system really related to health? Social Science & Medicine, 69(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.03.033
Lewis, M. (2006). Governance and corruption in public health care systems. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.984046
Lin, R.T., Chien, L.C., Chen, Y.M., & Chan, C.C. (2014). Governance matters: An ecological association between governance and child mortality. International Health, 6(3), 249–257. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihu018
Lv, Z., & Xu, T. (2016). Does intelligence affect health care expenditure? Evidence from a cross-country analysis. Intelligence, 55, 86–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2016.01.009
Makhija, M.V., & Stewart, A.C. (2002). The effect of national context on perceptions of risk: A comparison of planned versus free-market managers. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(4), 737–756. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8491042
Marselina, M. (2019). The effect of government effectiveness, rule of law and control of corruption on tax obedience. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 6(1), 173–183.
Matasick, C., Alfonsi, C., & Bellantoni, A. (2020). Governance responses to disinformation: How open government principles can inform policy options (OECD Working Papers on Public Governance No. 39). https://doi.org/10.1787/19934351
Menon-Johansson, A.S. (2005). Good governance and good health: The role of societal structures in the human immunodeficiency virus pandemic. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-5-4
Nguyen, H.H., Ngo, V.M., & Tran, A.N.T. (2021). Financial performances, entrepreneurial factors and coping strategy to survive in the COVID-19 pandemic: Case of Vietnam. Research in International Business and Finance, 56, 101380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2021.101380
OECD. (2020). Transparency, communication and trust: The role of public communication in responding to the wave of disinformation about the new coronavirus. Retrieved from https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=135_135220-cvba4lq3ru
Ortega, B., Sanjuán, J., & Casquero, A. (2017). Determinants of efficiency in reducing child mortality in developing countries: The role of inequality and government effectiveness. Health Care Management Science, 20, 500–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10729-016-9367-1
Pinzon-Rondon, A.M., Attaran, A., Botero, J.C., & Ruiz-Sternberg, A.M. (2015). Association of rule of law and health outcomes: An ecological study. BMJ Open, 5(10). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007004
Ranabhat, C.L., Jakovljevic, M., Dhimal, M., & Kim, C.B. (2020). Structural factors responsible for universal health coverage in low- and middle-income countries: Results from 118 countries. Frontiers in Public Health, 7, 414. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00414
Ruiz-Cantero, M.T., Guijarro-Garvi, M., Bean, D.R., Martínez-Riera, J.R., & Fernández-Sáez, J. (2019). Governance commitment to reduce maternal mortality: A political determinant beyond the wealth of the countries. Health & Place, 57, 313–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.05.012
The World Bank. (2021). Government effectiveness – GovData360. https://govdata360.worldbank.org/indicators/h580f9aa5
World Health Organization. (2020). Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation report – 13. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200202-sitrep-13-ncov-v3.pdf
Zeng, W., Shepard, D.S., Chilingerian, J., & Avila-Figueroa, C. (2012). How much can we gain from improved efficiency? An examination of performance of national HIV/AIDS programs and its determinants in low- and middle-income countries. BMC Health Services Research, 12, 74. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-74
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Please review our Copyright Notice.