1:1 Modality for Online Students: Applications of Adult Learning Theory
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33423/jsis.v20i1.7541Keywords:
strategic innovation, online learning, 1:1 modality, adult learning theory, best practices for online education, student engagement, faculty engagement, feedback, higher educationAbstract
Individual support for online students plays a significant role in building engagement. Further, personalized experiences, such as flexible start dates, serve to increase retention. This paper describes applications of a 1:1 modality for online instruction, delivered within an open-admissions institution that serves non-traditional students. Parameters of the instructional model are explained in the context of adult learning theory. A focus group composed of faculty serving in various programs teaching courses in the 1:1 model was conducted. Analysis of focus group data was conducted, revealing key themes. Future applications and directions are presented in the context of student engagement and retention.
References
Abed Dahleez, K., El-Saleh, A.A., Abrar Al Alawi, M., Abdel Muniem, F., & Fattah, A. (2021). Student learning outcomes and online engagement in time of crisis: The role of e-learning system usability and teacher behavior. The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 38(5), 473–492. DOI:10.1108/ijilt-04-2021-0057
Bennett, P. (2023). Some principles of one-to-one learning. Cicero Learning. Retrieved from https://cicerolearning.com/some-principles-of-one-to-one-learning/#:~:text=The%20fundamental%20monad%20of%20one,student%2C%20modeling%20how%20to%20learn.
Bloomberg, L.D. (2014). The coaching handbook. Unpublished document developed for Northcentral University’s Center for Faculty Excellence.
Bloomberg, L.D., & Grantham, G. (2018). Teaching in graduate distance education: Perspectives on evaluating faculty engagement strategies. International Journal Online Graduate Education, 1(2), 1–24. Retrieved from http://ijoge.org/index.php/IJOGE/article/view/40/12
Bloomberg, L.D. (2020). Coaching faculty to teach online: A single qualitative case study at an online university. International Journal of Online Graduate Education, 3(2). Retrieved from https://ijoge.org/index.php/IJOGE/article/view/45#:~:text=Faculty%20in%20the%20School%20of%20Education%20at,students%20and%20faculty%20is%20an%20important%20part
Carey, G., & Grant, C. (2015). Teacher and student perspectives on one-to-one pedagogy: Practices and possibilities. British Journal of Music Education, 32. DOI: 10.1017/S0265051714000084
Corn, J., Tagsold, J.T., & Patel, R.K. (2011). The tech-savvy teacher: Instruction in a 1: 1 learning environment. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 1(1), 15. DOI:10.5590/JERAP.2011.01.1.01
Cukurova, M., Khan-Galaria, M., Millán, E., & Luckin, R. (2022). A learning analytics approach to monitoring the quality of online one-to-one tutoring. Journal of Learning Analytics, 9(2), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.18608/jla.2022.7411
Dennis, M., Fornero, S., Snelling, J., Thom, S., & Surles, J. (2020). Evaluating student perceptions of a course-embedded faculty advising Model. Journal of Strategic Innovation and Sustainability, 15(6), 10–21. https://doi.org/10.33423/jsis.v15i6.3592
Dennis, M. (2024). Course-embedded advising for international students: Opportunities for engagement building. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 24(6), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.33423/jhetp.v24i6.7020
Driscoll, D.L., & Wells, J. (2020). Tutoring the whole person: Supporting emotional development in writers and tutors. Praxis: A Writing Center Journal, 17(3), 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.58997/pp1
Gamage, K.A.A., Perera, D.A.S., Dilini, M.A., & Wijewardena, N. (2021). Mentoring and coaching as a learning technique in higher education: The impact of learning context on student engagement in online learning. Education Sciences, 11(10), 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11100574
Goodrich, A. (2021). Online peer mentoring and remote learning. Music Education Research, 23(2), 256–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/14613808.2021.1898575
Grasha, A. (2002). The dynamics of one-on-one teaching. College Teaching, 50(4), 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/87567550209595895
Gyampoh, A.O., Kwao Ayitey, H., Fosu-Ayarkwah, C., Akyea Ntow, S., Akossah, J., Gavor, M., & Vlachopoulos, D. (2020). Tutor perception on personal and institutional preparedness for online teaching-learning during the COVID-19 crisis: The case of Ghanaian Colleges of Education. African Educational Research Journal, 8(3), 511–518. https://doi.org/10.30918/AERJ.83.20.088
Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81–112. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298487
Jackson, K. (2023). The transformative power of one-on-one teaching. Brightmont Academy Blog. Retrieved from https://www.brightmontacademy.com/post/the-transformative-power-of-one-on-one-teaching
Johns, C., & Mills, M. (2021). Online mathematics tutoring during the COVID-19 pandemic: Recommendations for best practices. Primus, 31(1), 99–117. DOI:10.1080/10511970.2020.1818336
Knowles, M.S. (1978). Andragogy: Adult learning theory in perspective. Community College Review, 5(3), 9–20.
Liu, N., & Pu, Q. (2020). Factors influencing learners’ continuance intention toward one-to-one online learning. Interactive Learning Environments, 31(3), 1742–1763. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1857785
Loeng, S. (2020). Self‐directed learning: A core concept in adult education. Education Research International, (1), 3816132. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3816132
Maré, S., & Teedzwi Mutezo, A. (2021). The effectiveness of e-tutoring in an open and distance e-learning environment: Evidence from the University of South Africa. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 36(2), 164–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2020.1717941
Mikkonen, K., Tomietto, M., Tuomikoski, A.M., Kaučič, B.M., Riklikiene, O., Vizcaya‐Moreno, F., . . . Kääriäinen, M. (2022). Mentors' competence in mentoring nursing students in clinical practice: Detecting profiles to enhance mentoring practices. Nursing Open, 9(1), 593–603. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1103
Mullen, C.A. (2021). Online doctoral mentoring in a pandemic: Help or hindrance to academic progress on dissertations? International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education, 10(2), 139–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJMCE-06-2020-0029
Nash, C. (2021). Improving mentorship and supervision during COVID-19 to reduce graduate student anxiety and depression aided by an online commercial platform narrative research group. Challenges, 12(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe12010011
Norton, P. (2003). COPLS: An alternative to traditional online course management tools. In C. Crawford, N. Davis, J. Price, R. Weber, & D. Willis (Eds.), Proceedings of SITE 2003--Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 465–472). Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Retrieved from https://www.learntechlib.org/p/17939.
Norton, P., & Hathaway, D. (2008). Exploring two teacher education online learning designs: A classroom of one or many? Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 40(4), 475–495. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2008.10782517
Phuong Tran, K.N., Weng, C., Tran-Nguyen, P.L., Astatke, M., & Nguyen-Phuong-Dung, T. (2024). What are tutors’ perceptions of an online tutoring project—Digital Learning Companion—During the COVID-19 pandemic? A case study in Taiwan. Universal Access in the Information Society, 23(3), 1409–1425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-023-00976-1
Pollard, R., & Kumar, S. (2021). Mentoring graduate students online: Strategies and challenges. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 22(2), 267–284. http://dx.doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v22i2.5093
Reichert, M., & Mouza, C. (2018). Teacher practices during year 4 of a one‐to‐one mobile learning initiative. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 34(6), 762–774. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12283
Schute, V.J. (2007). Focus on formative feedback. Review of Educational Research, 78(1), 153–189. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654307313795
Stenbom, S., Hrastinski, S., & Cleveland-Innes, M. (2016). Emotional presence in a relationship of inquiry: The case of one-to-one online math coaching. Online Learning, 20(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v20i1.563
Stenbom, S., Jansson, M., & Hulkko, A. (2016). Revising the community of inquiry framework for the analysis of one-to-one online learning relationships. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 17(3). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v17i3.2068
Studebaker, B., & Curtis, H. (2021). Building community in an online doctoral program. Christian Higher Education, 20(1–2), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2020.1852133
Tinoco-Giraldo, H., Torrecilla Sanchez, E.M., & García-Peñalvo, F.J. (2020). E-Mentoring in higher education: A structured literature review and implications for future research. Sustainability, 12(11), 4344. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114344
Tuomikoski, A.M., Ruotsalainen, H., Mikkonen, K., Miettunen, J., Juvonen, S., Sivonen, P., & Kääriäinen, M. (2020). How mentoring education affects nurse mentors’ competence in mentoring students during clinical practice–A quasi‐experimental study. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 34(1), 230–238. DOI: 10.1111/scs.12728
UOPeople. (2024). One-on-One Teaching: The Right Method to Accommodate Diverse Learners? University of the People Blog. Retrieved from https://www.uopeople.edu/blog/benefits-of-one-on-one-teaching/
Vlachopoulos, D., & Makri, A. (2021). Quality teaching in online higher education: The perspectives of 250 online tutors on technology and pedagogy. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 16(6), 40–56. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v16i06.20173
Wiggins, G. (2012). Seven keys to effective feedback. Educational Leadership, 70(1), 10–16. Retrieved from https://ascd.org/el/articles/seven-keys-to-effective-feedback
Wozniak, K. (2020). Personalized learning for adults: An emerging androgyny. In S. Yu, M. Ally, & A. Tsinakos (Eds.), Emerging technologies and pedagogies in the curriculum. Bridging human and machine: Future education with intelligence. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0618-5_11
Zheng, B., Warschauer, M., Lin, C.H., & Chang, C. (2016). Learning in one-to-one laptop environments: A meta-analysis and research synthesis. Review of Educational Research, 86(4), 1052–1084. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654316628645